男性不育的护理(男性不育的护理)

The International Glossary on Infertility and Fertility Care, 2017

《国际不孕不育与生育护理词汇》，2017

Zegers-Hochschild F, Adamson GD, Dyer S, Racowsky C, de Mouzon J, Sokol R, Rienzi L, Sunde A, Schmidt L, Cooke ID, Simpson JL, van der Poel S. The International Glossary on Infertility and Fertility Care, 2017. Fertil Steril. 2017 Sep;108(3):393-406. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.06.005. Epub 2017 Jul 29. PMID: 28760517.

Acrosome A membrane-bound structure covering the anterior of the sperm head that contains enzymes necessary to penetrate the zona pellucida of the oocyte.

顶体：覆盖在精子头部前部的一种被膜包裹的结构，含有穿透卵母细胞透明带所必需的酶。

Adenomyosis A form of endometriosis marked by the presence of endometrium-like epithelium and stroma outside the endometrium in the myometrium.

子宫腺肌病：子宫内膜异位症的一种，其特征是子宫肌层内有子宫内膜样上皮和间质。

Adhesions Bands of fibrous scar tissue that may bind the abdominal and pelvic organs, including the intestines and peritoneum, to each other. They can be dense and thick or filmy and thin.

粘连：纤维瘢痕组织的粘连带，可将腹部和盆腔器官，包括肠和腹膜相互粘连在一起。它们可以是浓密的厚的，也可以是薄的。

Age specific fertility rate (ASFR) The number of live births per woman in a particular age group in a specific calendar year expressed per1000 women in that age group.

特定年龄段生育率(ASFR)：特定年龄段的每名妇女在特定日历年的活产数，表示该年龄段每1000名妇女的活产数。

Agglutination Clumping of spermatozoa in the ejaculate.

凝集；胶合：精子在射精液中凝集成团。

Andrology The medical practice dealing with the health of the male reproductive system.

男科学：有关男性生殖系统健康的医疗实践。

Aneuploidy An abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell. The majority of embryos with aneuploidies are not compatible with life.

非整倍性；异倍体性；异倍性：非整倍体细胞中异常数目的染色体。大多数非整倍体胚胎与生命不相匹配。

Anti-sperm antibodies Antibodies that recognize and bind to antigens on the surface of the spermatozoon.

抗精子抗体：识别并结合精子表面抗原的抗体。

Aspermia Lack of external ejaculation.

无精；[泌尿]精液缺乏：缺乏外部射精。

Assisted hatching An ART procedure in which the zona pellucida of an embryo is either thinned or perforated by chemical, mechanical or laser methods.

辅助孵化：通过化学、机械或激光方法使胚胎的透明带变薄或穿孔的一种辅助生殖技术手法。

Assisted reproductive technology (ART) All interventions that include thein vitrohandling of both human oocytes and sperm or of embryos for the purpose of reproduction. This includes, but is not limited to, IVF and embryo transfer ET,

intracytoplasmic sperm injection ICSI, embryo biopsy, preimplantation genetic testing PGT,assisted hatching, gamete intrafallopian transfer GIFT, zygote intrafallopian transfer, gamete and embryo cryopreservation, semen, oocyte and embryo donation, and gestational carrier cycles.Thus, ART does not, and ART-only registries do not, include assisted insemination using sperm from either a womans partner or a sperm donor. (See broader term, medically assisted reproduction, MAR.)

辅助生殖技术(ART)：所有干预措施，包括对人类卵母细胞和精子或用于生殖目的的胚胎进行体外处理。这包括但不限于体外受精和胚胎移植、卵胞浆内单精子注射、胚胎活检、植入前基因检测、辅助孵化、配子输卵管内移植、受精卵和胚胎冷冻保存、精液、卵子和胚胎捐赠，以及代孕者周期。因此，辅助生殖技术治疗的注册机构不仅包括，且不限于使用女性伴侣或精子捐献者的精子进行辅助受精。(参见更广泛的术语，医疗辅助生殖。)

Asthenoteratozoospermia Reduced percentages of motile and morphologically normal sperm in the ejaculate below the lower reference limit. When reporting results, the reference criteria should be specified.

弱畸形性精子症：精液中活动精子和形态正常精子的百分比低于参考下限。在报告结果时，应指定参考标准。

Asthenozoospermia Reduced percentage of motile sperm in the ejaculate below the lower reference limit. When reporting results, the reference criteria should be specified.

弱精子症：射精液中活动精子的百分比低于参考下限。在报告结果时，应指定参考标准。

Azoospermia The absence of spermatozoa in the ejaculate.

无精子症：精液中没有精子。

Binucleation The presence of two nuclei in a blastomere (cell).

[医]双核化：经过核分裂而胞浆不分裂，在一个细胞内形成两个核：双核化卵裂球（细胞）中存在两个细胞核。

Biochemical pregnancy A pregnancy diagnosed only by the detection of beta hCG in serum or urine.

生化妊娠：只有通过检测血清或尿液中的β-hCG才能确诊的妊娠。

Birth (single) The complete expulsion or extraction from a woman of a fetus after 22 completed weeks of gestational age, irrespective of whether it is a live birth or stillbirth, or, if gestational age is unknown, a birth weight more than 500 grams. A single birth refers to an individual newborn; and a delivery of multiple births, such as a twin delivery, would be registered as two births.

分娩(单胎)：怀孕22周后，无论是活产还是死产，或者，如果胎龄不明，出生体重超过500克的胎儿从妇女体内完全排出或取出。单胎指的是单个新生儿；多胎分娩，如双胞胎，将登记为两胎出生。

Blastocoele Fluid-filled central region of the blastocyst.

囊胚腔；分裂腔；胚泡腔；卵裂腔：胚泡内充满液体的囊胚中心区域。

Blastocyst The stage of preimplantation embryo development that occurs around day 5–6 after insemination or ICSI. The blastocyst contains a fluid filled central cavity (blastocoele), an outer layer of cells (trophectoderm) and an inner group of cells (inner cell mass).

胚泡：植入前胚胎发育的阶段，大约发生在授精或卵胞浆内单精子注射(ICSI)后的第5-6天。囊胚包含一个充满液体的中央腔(囊胚)、外层细胞(滋养外胚层)和一组内层细胞(内细胞团)。

Blastomere A cell in a cleavage stage embryo.

卵裂球：卵裂期胚胎中的一种细胞。

Blastomere symmetry The extent to which all blastomeres are even in size and shape.

卵裂球对称性：指所有卵裂球在大小和形状上均匀的程度。

Bleeding after oocyte aspiration Significant bleeding, internal or external, after oocyte aspiration retrieval requiring hospitalization for blood transfusion, surgical intervention, clinical observation or other medical procedure.

卵母细胞抽吸术后出血：卵母细胞抽吸后出血大量出血，内部或外部，卵母细胞抽吸取出后需要住院治疗输血，外科手术，临床观察或其他医疗手段。

Canceled ART cycle An ART cycle in which ovarian stimulation or monitoring has been initiated with the intention to treat,but which did not proceed to follicular aspiration or in the case of a thawed or warmed embryo did not proceed to embryo transfer.

取消的ART周期：在ART周期中，卵巢刺激或监测已经开始，目的是治疗，但没有进行卵泡抽吸，或者如果是解冻或复苏的胚胎，则不进行胚胎移植。在ART周期中，卵巢刺激或监测已经开始，但没有进行卵泡抽吸，或者如果是解冻或复苏的胚胎，则不进行胚胎移植。

Childlessness A condition in which a person, voluntarily or involuntarily, is not a legal or societally-recognized parent to a child, or has had all children die.

无子女一种情况：即一个人自愿或非自愿地不是孩子的合法或社会认可的父母，或者所有的孩子都死了。

Chimerism Presence in a single individual of two or more cell lines, each derived from different individuals.

嵌合性；[遗] 嵌合现象：嵌合体存在于由两个或多个细胞系组成的单个个体中，每个细胞系来自不同的个体。

Cleavage stage embryos Embryos beginning with the 2-cell stage and up to, but not including, the morula stage.

卵裂期胚胎：胚胎从2-细胞期开始，一直到(但不包括)桑椹胚阶段。

Clinical fertility The capacity to establish a clinical pregnancy.

临床生育能力：确定临床妊娠的能力。

Clinical pregnancy A pregnancy diagnosed by ultrasonographic visualization of one or more gestational sacs or definitive clinical signs of pregnancy. In addition to intra-uterine pregnancy, it includes a clinically documented ectopic pregnancy.

临床妊娠：通过超声检查发现一个或多个妊娠囊或明确的妊娠临床征兆而诊断的妊娠。除了宫内妊娠，它还包括临床记录的异位妊娠。

Clinical pregnancy rate The number of clinical pregnancies expressed per 100 initiated cycles, aspiration cycles or embryo transfer cycles. When clinical pregnancy rates are recorded, the denominator (initiated, aspirated or embryo transfer cycles) must be specified.

临床妊娠率：每100个启动周期、获卵周期或胚胎移植周期的临床妊娠数。当记录临床妊娠率时，必须指定分母(启动周期、获卵周期或胚胎移植周期)。

Clinical pregnancy with fetal heart beat A pregnancy diagnosed by ultrasonographic or clinical documentation of at least one fetus with a discernible heartbeat.

临床妊娠伴胎心跳动：通过超声检查或临床记录诊断为至少有一个胎儿有明显心跳的妊娠。

Cohort total fertility rate (CTFR) The observed average number of live born children per woman applied to a birth cohort of women as they age through time. This is obtained from data on women after completing their reproductive years.

队列总生育率(CTFR)：随着年龄的增长，观察到的每名妇女的平均活产子女数适用于出生队列中的妇女。这是从女性完成生育年限后的数据中获得的。

Compaction The process during which tight junctions form between juxtaposed blastomeres resulting in a solid mass of cells with indistinguishable cell membranes.

压紧；精简；密封；凝结：在并列的卵裂球之间形成紧密连接，导致细胞膜难以区分的细胞团的过程。

Complex aneuploidies Two or more aneuploidies involving different chromosomes in the embryo. When autosomes are involved, this condition is not compatible with human life.

复杂非整倍体：两个或多个涉及胚胎中不同染色体的非整倍体。当涉及常染色体时，这种情况与正常生命不匹配。

Congenital anomalies Structural or functional disorders that occur during intra-uterine life and can be identified prenatally, at birth or later in life. Congenital anomalies can be caused by single gene defects, chromosomal disorders, multifactorial inheritance, environmental teratogens and micronutrient deficiencies. The time of identification should be reported.

先天畸形：在宫内生活期间发生的结构或功能障碍，可在产前、出生时或后期被辨认出来。先天性异常可由单基因缺陷、染色体紊乱、多因素遗传、环境致畸和微量营养素缺乏引起。应报告识别时间。

Congenital anomaly birth rate The number of births exhibiting signs of congenital anomalies per 10,000 births. The time of identification should have been reported.

先天异常出生率：每10,000名新生儿中有先天异常迹象的出生人数。应该报告鉴定的时间。

Congenital bilateral absence of the vasa deferentia (CBAVD)

The absence, at birth, of both duct systems (vas deferentia) that connect the testes to the urethra and may be associated with cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CTFR) gene mutation. Although the testes usually develop and function normally, men present with azoospermia.

先天性双侧输精管缺如(CBAVD)：出生时缺乏连接睾丸和尿道的两个导管系统(输精管)，可能与囊性纤维化跨膜传导调节因子(CTFR)基因突变有关。虽然睾丸通常发育和功能正常，但男性表现为无精子症。

Conventional in vitro insemination The co-incubation of oocytes with sperm in vitro with the goal of resulting in extracorporeal fertilization.

常规的体外受精：将卵母细胞与精子在体外共同孵化，以达到体外受精的目的。

Corona radiata cells The innermost cells of the cumulus oophorus.

放射冠细胞：卵丘最里面的细胞。

Cross border reproductive care The provision of reproductive health services in a different jurisdiction or outside of a recognized national border within which the person or persons legally reside.

跨境生殖保健：在一个或多个人合法居住的不同司法管辖区或公认的国家边界之外提供生殖健康服务。

Cryopreservation The process of slow freezing or vitrification to preserve biological material (e.g. gametes, zygotes,cleavage-stage embryos, blastocysts or gonadal tissue) at extreme low temperature.

冷冻保存：在极低温度下缓慢冷冻或玻璃化冷冻以保存生物材料（例如配子，受精卵，卵裂期胚胎，胚泡或性腺组织）的过程。

Cryptorchidism Testis not in scrotal position within the neonatal period and, up to but not limited to, 1 year post birth.If the testis has not descended into the scrotum, this condition can cause primary testicular failure and increased risk of testicular cancer development.

隐睾睾丸：在新生儿期内不在阴囊位置，出生后1岁以内(但不限于此)。如果睾丸没有下降到阴囊，这种情况可能会导致原发性睾丸功能衰竭，并增加睾丸癌发生的风险。

Cumulative delivery rate per aspiration/initiated cycle with at least one live birth

The number of deliveries with at least one live birth resulting from one initiated or aspirated ART cycle,including all cycles in which fresh and/or frozen embryos are transferred, until one delivery with a live birth occurs or until all embryos are used, whichever occurs first. The delivery of a singleton,twin, or other multiples is registered as one delivery. In the absence of complete data, the cumulative delivery rate is often estimated.

每次获卵/启动周期的累计接生率，至少有一次活产：由一个启动或获卵的ART周期产生的至少一个活产的分娩次数，包括移植新鲜和/或冷冻胚胎的所有周期，直到发生一次活产或直到所有胚胎都被使用为止(以先发生的为准)。单胎、双胞胎或多胎的出生被登记为一次活产。在没有完整数据的情况下，通常需要估计累计活产率。

Cumulus oophorus The multi-layered mass of granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte.

卵丘：围绕卵母细胞的多层颗粒细胞团块。

Cytoplasmic maturation The process during which the oocyte acquires the capacity to support nuclear maturation, fertilization,pronuclei formation, syngamy and subsequent early cleavage divisions until activation of the embryonic genome.

细胞质成熟：卵母细胞获得支持核成熟、受精、原核形成、同源配子和随后的早期卵裂分裂直至胚胎基因组激活的能力的过程。

Cytoplasmic transfer A procedure that can be performed at different stages of an oocytes development to add to or replace various amounts of cytoplasm from a donor egg.

细胞质移植：在卵母细胞发育的不同阶段，从捐赠者卵子中添加或替换不同数量的细胞质的过程。

Decreased spermatogenesis A histological finding in which spermatogenesis is present with few cells in the seminiferous tubules,resulting in a decreased number or absence of sperm in the ejaculate.

生精减少：生精的组织学发现，生精小管中的精子发生的细胞很少，导致射精液中精子的数量减少或不存在。

Delayed ejaculation A condition in which it takes a man an extended period of time to reach orgasm and ejaculation.

射精延迟：男性需要较长时间才能达到性高潮和射精的状态。

Delayed embryo transfer A procedure in which embryo transfer is not performed within the time frame of the oocyte aspiration cycle but at a later time.

延迟胚胎移植：胚胎移植不是在获卵周期的时间框架内进行，而是在以后的时间进行。

Delivery The complete expulsion or extraction from a woman of one or more fetuses, after at least 22 completed weeks of gestational age, irrespective of whether they are live births or stillbirths. A delivery of either a single or multiple newborn is considered as one delivery. If more than one newborn is delivered, it is often recognized as a delivery with multiple births.

分娩：一个或多个胎儿在孕周至少22周后从妇女体内完全排出或取出，无论是活产还是死产。一个或多个新生儿的分娩被认为是一次分娩。如果分娩的新生儿不止一个，通常被认为是多胎分娩。

Delivery rate The number of deliveries expressed per 100 initiated cycles, aspiration cycles, or embryo transfer cycles. When delivery rates are recorded, the denominator (initiated, aspirated or embryo transfer cycles) must be specified. It includes deliveries that resulted in the birth of one or more live births and/or stillbirths. The delivery of a singleton, twin or other multiple pregnancy is registered as one delivery. If more than one newborn is delivered, it is often recognized as a delivery with multiple births.

分娩率：每100个启动周期、获卵周期或胚胎移植周期的分娩次数。记录产出率时，必须指定分母(启动、获卵或胚胎移植周期)。它包括导致一个或多个活产和/或死产的分娩。单胎、双胞胎或其他多胎妊娠的分娩登记为一次分娩。如果分娩的新生儿不止一个，通常被认为是多胎分娩。

Delivery rate after fertility treatment per patient The number of deliveries with at least one live birth or stillbirth, expressed per 100 patients, after a specified time and following all treatments.

每位生育治疗后患者的分娩率：每名患者在指定的时间内接受完所有治疗后，每100名患者至少有一次活产或死产的分娩次数。

Delivery with multiple births after fertility treatments A single delivery with more than one newborn, following all fertility treatments.

生育治疗后多胎分娩：在所有生育治疗之后，一次分娩时有一个以上的新生儿。

Diandric oocytes An oocyte with an extra set of haploid chromosomes of paternal origin.

二雄卵母细胞：一种卵母细胞，具有一套额外的父系来源的单倍体染色体。

Digynic oocytes An oocyte with an extra set of haploid chromosomes of maternal origin.

二倍体卵母细胞：具有一组额外的母体单倍体染色体的卵母细胞。

Diminished ovarian reserve A term generally used to indicate a reduced number and/or reduced quality of oocytes, such that the ability to reproduce is decreased. (See ovarian reserve.)

卵巢储备减少：通常用来表示卵母细胞数量减少和/或质量降低，从而导致繁殖能力下降的术语。(参见卵巢储备。)

Diploidy/euploidy The condition in which a cell has two haploid sets of chromosomes. Each chromosome in one set is paired with its counterpart in the other set. A diploid embryo has 22 pairs of autosomes and two sex chromosomes, the normal condition.

二倍体/整倍性：细胞具有两组单倍体染色体的状态。一组中的每一条染色体都与另一组中的对应染色体配对。二倍体胚胎有22对常染色体和两条性染色体，这是正常情况。

Disomy The normal number of chromosomes characterized by 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes (XX or XY). The chromosome number in human cells is normally 46.

双躯干畸形；二体性：染色体的正常数目，以22对常染色体和一对性染色体(XX或XY)为特征。人类细胞的染色体数目通常是46。

Donor insemination The process of placing laboratory processed sperm or semen from a man into the reproductive tract of a woman who is not his intimate sexual partner, for the purpose of initiating a pregnancy.

供体人工授精：将实验室处理过的男性精子或精液放入不是其亲密性伴的女性生殖道的过程，目的是开始受孕。

Double embryo transfer (DET) The transfer of two embryos in an ART procedure. This may be elective (eDET) when more than two embryos of sufficient quality for transfer are available.

双胚胎移植（DET）：在ART程序中转移两个胚胎。当有两个以上质量足以转移的胚胎可用时，这可能是选择性的（eDET）。

Early neonatal death/mortality Death of a newborn within 7 days of birth.

新生儿早期死亡/死亡率：新生儿出生后7天内死亡。

Ectopic pregnancy A pregnancy outside the uterine cavity, diagnosed by ultrasound, surgical visualization or histopathology.

宫外孕：宫腔外妊娠，经超声、手术可视化或组织病理学诊断。

Ejaculation Co-ordinated contractions of the genitourinary tract leading to the ejection of spermatozoa and seminal fluid.

射精：泌尿生殖道的协调收缩，导致精子和精液排出。

Ejaculation retardata A condition resulting in an inability to ejaculate during vaginal intercourse.

射精迟缓：一种导致阴道性交时不能射精的情况。

Ejaculatory duct The canal that passes through the prostate just lateral to the verumontanum where the vas deferens and the duct from the seminal vesicle coalesce.

射精管：穿过前列腺的管道，正好在精阜的外侧，输精管和精囊的管道在这里汇合。

Elective embryo transfer The transfer of one or more embryos, selected from a larger cohort of available embryos.

选择性胚胎移植：从一大批可用胚胎中挑选出的一个或多个胚胎的移植。

Elective single embryo transfer (eSET)

The transfer of one (a single) embryo selected from a larger cohort of available embryos.

选择性单胚胎移植(ESET)：从较大的可用胚胎队列中选择一个(单个)胚胎进行移植。

Embryo The biological organism resulting from the development of the zygote, until eight completed weeks after fertilization, equivalent to 10 weeks of gestational age.

胚胎：由受精卵发育而成的生物有机体，直到受精后8周完成，相当于10周的胎龄。

Embryo bank Repository of cryopreserved embryos stored for future use.

胚胎库：冷冻保存的胚胎的储存库，以备将来使用。

Embryo donation (for reproduction) An ART cycle, which consists of the transfer of an embryo to the uterus or Fallopian tube of a female recipient, resulting from gametes that did not originate from the female recipient or from her male partner, if present.

胚胎捐献(用于繁殖)：一种ART周期，包括将胚胎移植到代孕者的子宫或输卵管，其结果不是来自代孕者或其男性伴侣(如果有)的配子。

Embryo fragmentation The process during which one or more blastomeres shed membrane vesicles containing cytoplasm and occasionally whole chromosomes or chromatin.

胚胎碎裂：一个或多个卵裂球脱落含有细胞质的膜泡，偶尔还会脱落整个染色体或染色质的过程。

Embryo recipient cycle An ART cycle in which a womans uterus is prepared to receive one or more cleavage stage embryos/blastocysts, resulting from gametes that did not originate from her or from her male partner, if present.

代孕者周期：妇女的子宫准备接受一个或多个卵裂期胚胎/囊胚的ART周期，这些胚胎/囊胚是由不是来自她或她的男性伴侣(如果存在)的配子产生的。

Embryo transfer (ET) Placement into the uterus of an embryo at any embryonic stage from day 1 to day 7 after IVF or ICSI.Embryos from day 1 to day three can also be transferred into the Fallopian tube.

胚胎移植(ET)：在IVF或ICSI后第1天至第7天的任何胚胎阶段将胚胎植入子宫。从第1天到第3天的胚胎也可以移植到输卵管中。

Embryo transfer cycle An ART cycle in which one or more fresh or frozen/thawed embryos at cleavage or blastocyst stage are transferred into the uterus or Fallopian tube.

胚胎移植周期：一个或多个处于卵裂或囊胚阶段的新鲜或冷冻/解冻的胚胎被移植到子宫或输卵管的ART周期。

Emission (semen) Co-ordinated contractions of the vas deferentia, seminal vesicles, and ejaculatory ducts leading to deposition of semen into the urethral meatus prior to ejaculation.

排泄(精液)：输精管、精囊和射精管的协调收缩，导致精液在射精前沉积到尿道口。

Endometriosis A disease characterized by the presence of endometrium-like epithelium and stroma outside the endometrium and myometrium. Intrapelvic endometriosis can be located superficially on the peritoneum (peritoneal endometriosis), can extend 5 mm or more beneath the peritoneum (deep endometriosis) or can be present as an ovarian endometriotic cyst (endometrioma).

子宫内膜异位症：在子宫内膜和子宫肌层外出现子宫内膜样上皮和间质的一种疾病。盆腔内子宫内膜异位症可以位于腹膜浅层(腹膜子宫内膜异位症)，可以在腹膜下延伸5 mm或更多(深层子宫内膜异位症)，也可以表现为卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿( [医] 子宫内膜瘤，子宫腺肌瘤)。

Epididymis A convoluted, highly coiled duct that transports the spermatozoa from the testis via the efferent ducts to the vas deferens.

附睾：一种曲折的高度卷曲的管道，将精子从睾丸通过传出管道输送到输精管。

Erectile dysfunction Inability to have and/or sustain an erection sufficient for intercourse.

勃起功能障碍：不能有和/或维持足以性交的勃起。

Euploidy The condition in which a cell has chromosomes in an exact multiple of the haploid number; in the human this multiple is normally two. Thus, a normal embryo that is euploid is also diploid.

整倍体：细胞的染色体数目正好是单倍体数目的倍数；在人类中，这个倍数通常是两倍。因此，一个正常的整倍体胚胎也是二倍体的。

Excessive ovarian response An exaggerated response to ovarian stimulation characterized by the presence of more follicles than intended. Generally, more than 20 follicles >12 mm in size and/or more than 20 oocytes collected following ovarian stimulation are considered excessive, but these numbers are adaptable according to ethnic and other variables.

卵巢过度反应：对卵巢刺激的夸大反应，其特征是卵泡比预期的多。一般来说，超过20个卵泡>12毫米和/或超过20个卵母细胞在卵巢刺激后收集被认为是过量的，但这些数字可以根据种族和其他变量进行调整。

Expectant fertility management Management of fertility problems including infertility without any specific active clinical or therapeutic interventions other than fertility information and advice, to improve natural fertility, based upon the probability of becoming pregnant.

预期生育管理：根据怀孕的可能性，在没有任何具体的积极的临床或治疗干预的情况下，根据怀孕的可能性，对生育问题进行管理，以提高自然生育率。

Extremely low birth weight Birth weight less than 1000 g.

极低出生体重：出生体重小于1000克。

Extremely preterm birth A birth that takes place after 22 but before 28 completed weeks of gestational age.

极早产：22周以后但28周胎龄到达之前发生的分娩。

Fecundability The probability of a pregnancy, during a single menstrual cycle in a woman with adequate exposure to sperm and no contraception, culminating in a live birth. In population-based studies, fecundability is frequently measured as the monthly probability.

受精率：在一个月经周期内，如果女性有足够的精子暴露，且没有避孕措施，最终导致活产，那么怀孕的可能性。在以人口为基础的研究中，繁殖力通常以每月的概率来衡量。

Fecundity Clinically defined as the capacity to have a live birth.

繁殖力：在临床上被定义为有活产的能力

Female infertility Infertility caused primarily by female factors encompassing: ovulatory disturbances; diminished ovarian reserve; anatomical, endocrine, genetic, functional or immunological abnormalities of the reproductive system; chronic illness; and sexual conditions incompatible with coitus.

女性不孕：主要由女性因素引起，包括：排卵障碍；卵巢储备减少；生殖系统的解剖、内分泌、遗传、功能或免疫异常；慢性病；以及性条件与性交不相容。

Fertility The capacity to establish a clinical pregnancy.

生育力：确定临床妊娠的能力。

Fertility awareness The understanding of reproduction, fecundity, fecundability, and related individual risk factors (e.g.advanced age, sexual health factors such as sexually transmitted infections, and life style factors such as smoking, obesity) and non-individual risk factors (e.g. environmental and work place factors); including the awareness of societal and cultural factors affecting options to meet reproductive family planning, as well as family building needs.

生育意识：包括对生殖、生育、生育能力和相关个人风险因素(如高龄、性传播感染等性健康因素、吸烟、肥胖等生活方式因素)和非个人风险因素(如环境和工作场所因素)的认识；包括对影响生殖计划生育选择的社会和文化因素的认识，以及家庭建设需要。

Fertility care Interventions that include fertility awareness, support and fertility management with an intention to assist individuals and couples to realize their desires associated with reproduction and/or to build a family.

生育保健干预措施：包括生育意识、支持和生育管理，目的是帮助个人和夫妇实现与生殖和/或建立家庭相关的愿望。

Fertility preservation Various interventions, procedures and technologies, including cryopreservation of gametes, embryos or ovarian and testicular tissue to preserve reproductive capacity.

保存生育能力的各种干预措施、程序和技术：包括冷冻保存配子、胚胎或卵巢和睾丸组织，以保持生殖能力。

Fertilization A sequence of biological processes initiated by entry of a spermatozoon into a mature oocyte followed by formation of the pronuclei.

受精：精子进入成熟卵母细胞后形成原核所启动的一系列生物学过程。

Fetal loss Death of a fetus. It is referred to as early fetal loss when death takes place between 10 and 22 weeks of gestational age; late fetal loss, when death takes place between 22 and 28 weeks of gestational age; and stillbirth when death takes place after 28 weeks gestational age.

胎儿丢失胎儿死亡：当死亡发生在10周到22周之间时，它被称为早期胎儿丢失；当死亡发生在22周到28周之间时，它被称为晚期胎儿丢失；当死亡发生在28周之后时，它被称为死产。

Fetus The stages of development of an organism from eight completed weeks of fertilization (equivalent to 10 weeks of gestational age) until the end of pregnancy.

胎儿：从受精8周(相当于妊娠10周)到妊娠结束的有机体的发育阶段。

Freeze-all cycle An ART cycle in which, after oocyte aspiration, all oocytes and/or embryos are cryopreserved and no oocytes and/or embryos are transferred to a woman in that cycle.

全冷冻周期：在获取卵母细胞后，所有的卵母细胞和/或胚胎都被冷冻保存，并且在该周期中没有卵母细胞和/或胚胎被移植给女性的一种ART周期。

Frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) cycle

An ART procedure in which cycle monitoring is carried out with the intention of transferring to a woman, frozen/thawed or vitrified/warmed embryo(s)/blastocyst(s). Note: A FET cycle is initiated when specific medication is provided or cycle monitoring is started in the female recipient with the intention to transfer an embryo.

冷冻-解冻胚胎移植(FET)周期：进行周期监测的一种ART程序，目的是将冷冻/解冻或玻璃化/温冻胚胎/囊胚移植给女性。注：FET周期是在女性受者为了移植胚胎而提供特定药物或开始周期监测的情况下开始的。

Frozen-thawed oocyte cycle An ART procedure in which cycle monitoring is carried out with the intention of fertilizing thawed/warmed oocytes and performing an embryo transfer.

冷冻-解冻卵母细胞周期：对周期进行监测，目的是使解冻/复苏的卵母细胞受精并进行胚胎移植。

Full-term birth A birth that takes place between 37 and 42 completed weeks of gestational age.

足月分娩：在37至42周之间出生的婴儿已满胎龄。

Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)

An ART procedure in which both gametes (oocytes and spermatozoa) are transferred into a Fallopian tube(s).

配子输卵管内移植(GIFT)：将配子(卵母细胞和精子)移植到输卵管中的一种辅助生殖技术。

Germinal vesicle (GV) The nucleus in an oocyte at prophase I.

生发泡(GV)：I前期卵母细胞的细胞核。

Gestational age The age of an embryo or fetus calculated by the best obstetric estimate determined by assessments which may include early ultrasound and the date of the last menstrual period and/or perinatal details. In the case of ART, it is calculated by adding two weeks (14 days) to the number of completed weeks since fertilization. Note: For frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) cycles, an estimated date of fertilization is computed by subtracting the combined number of days an embryo was in culture pre-cryopreservation and post-thaw/-warm, from the transfer date of the FET cycle.

胎龄：通过评估确定的最佳产科估计计算出的胚胎或胎儿的年龄，评估可能包括早期超声、最后一次月经日期和/或围产期细节。在ART的情况下，它是通过在受精后的完整周数上加上两周(14天)来计算的。注：对于冻融胚胎移植(FET)周期，估计受精日期是从FET周期的移植日期减去胚胎冷冻前和解冻后/解冻后的培养天数来计算的。

Gestational carrier A woman who carries a pregnancy with an agreement that she will give the offspring to the intended parent(s). Gametes can originate from the intended parent(s) and/or a third party (or parties). This replaces the term ‘surrogate.’

代孕者：怀孕的妇女，约定将孩子交给预期的父母。配子可以来自预期的父母和/或第三方(或多个方)。这取代了代孕这个词。

Gestational sac A fluid-filled structure associated with early pregnancy, which may be located inside or, in the case of an ectopic pregnancy, outside the uterus.

妊娠囊：一种与早孕有关的充满液体的结构，可能位于子宫内，如果是异位妊娠，则可能位于子宫外。

Globozoospermia Describes spermatozoa with a reduced or absent acrosome.

圆头精子症：描述顶体减少或缺失的精子。

Haploidy The condition in which a cell has one set of each of the 23 single chromosomes. Mature human gametes are haploid, each having 23 single chromosomes.

单倍体：一种细胞具有23条单个染色体中每条染色体的一组染色体的状态。成熟的人类配子是单倍体，每个配子都有23条单染色体。

Hatching The process by which an embryo at the blastocyst stage extrudes out of, and ultimately separates from,the zona pellucida.

孵化：囊胚阶段的胚胎从透明带中挤出并最终脱离透明带的过程。

Heterotopic pregnancy Concurrent pregnancy involving at least one embryo implanted in the uterine cavity and at least one implanted outside of the uterine cavity.

异位妊娠：同时妊娠包括至少一个胚胎植入宫腔和至少一个胚胎植入宫腔外。

High-order multiple births The complete expulsion or extraction from their mother of three or more fetuses, after 22 completed weeks of gestational age, irrespective of whether they are live births or stillbirths.

高位多胞胎：胎龄满22周后，无论是活产还是死产，从母亲那里完全排出或取出三个或三个以上胎儿。

High-order multiple gestation A pregnancy with three or more embryos or fetuses.

高位多胎妊娠：有三个或三个以上胚胎或胎儿的妊娠。

Hydrosalpinx A distally occluded, dilated, fluid-filled Fallopian tube.

输卵管积水：输卵管远端闭塞、扩张、充满液体。

Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism Gonadal failure associated with reduced gametogenesis, reduced gonadal steroid production and elevated gonadotropin production.

高促性腺素性性腺功能减退症：性腺衰竭与配子发生减少，性腺类固醇产生减少和促性腺激素产生增加有关。

Hyperspermia High volume of ejaculate above the upper reference limit. When reporting results, the reference criteria should be specified.

精液过多：射精量超过参考值上限。在报告结果时，应指定参考标准。

Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism Gonadal failure associated with reduced gametogenesis and reduced gonadal steroid production due to reduced gonadotropin production or action.

促性腺激素减退症：性腺功能衰竭与配子发生减少和性腺类固醇产生减少有关，原因是促性腺激素的产生或作用减少。

Hypospermatogenesis Histopathologic description of reduced production of spermatozoa in the testes.

精子生成机能低下：睾丸精子产量减少的组织病理学描述。

Hypospermia Low volume of ejaculate below the lower reference limit. When reporting results, the reference criteria should be specified.

精子减少症：射精量低于参考下限。在报告结果时，应指定参考标准。

Iatrogenic testicular failure Damage to testicular function after radiation, chemotherapy or hormone treatment; or devascularization as a consequence of hernia surgery.

医源性睾丸衰竭：放疗、化疗或激素治疗后睾丸功能受损；或疝气手术后血管

断流。

Immature oocyte An oocyte at prophase of meiosis I, (i.e. an oocyte at the germinal vesicle (GV)-stage.)

未成熟卵：处于减数分裂I前期的卵母细胞(即处于生发泡(GV)阶段的卵母细胞)。

Implantation The attachment and subsequent penetration by a zona-free blastocyst into the endometrium, but when it relates to an ectopic pregnancy, into tissue outside the uterine cavity. This process starts 5 to 7 days after fertilization of the oocyte usually resulting in the formation of a gestation sac.

植入术：无透明带的囊胚附着并随后穿透子宫内膜，但当它与异位妊娠有关时，则是穿透子宫腔外的组织。这个过程在卵母细胞受精后5到7天开始，通常会导致妊娠囊的形成。

Implantation rate The number of gestational sacs observed divided by the number of embryos transferred (usually expressed as a percentage, %).

着床率：观察到的妊娠囊数除以移植的胚胎数(通常表示为百分比，%)。

In vitro fertilization (IVF) A sequence of procedures that involves extracorporeal fertilization of gametes. It includes conventional in vitro insemination and ICSI.

体外受精(IVF)：涉及配子体外受精的一系列过程。它包括常规的体外受精和ICSI。

In vitro maturation (IVM) A sequence of laboratory procedures that enable extracorporeal maturation of immature oocytes into fully mature oocytes that are capable of being fertilized with potential to develop into embryos.

体外成熟(IVM)：一系列实验室程序，使未成熟的卵母细胞体外成熟为完全成熟的卵母细胞，这些卵母细胞能够受精并有可能发育成胚胎。

Induced abortion Intentional loss of an intrauterine pregnancy, through intervention by medical, surgical or unspecified means. (See induced embryo/fetal reduction.)

人工流产：通过内科、外科或未指明的方法干预，故意失去宫内妊娠。(请参见诱导胚胎/胎儿减数。)

Induced embryo/fetal reduction An intervention intended to reduce the number of gestational sacs or embryos/fetuses in a multiple gestation.

诱导胚胎/胎儿减少：一种旨在减少多胎妊娠中妊娠囊或胚胎/胎儿数量的干预措施。

Infertility A disease characterized by the failure to establish a clinical pregnancy after 12 months of regular,unprotected sexual intercourse or due to an impairment of a persons capacity to reproduce either as an individual or with his/her partner. Fertility interventions may be initiated in less than 1 year based on medical, sexual and reproductive history, age, physical findings and diagnostic testing.Infertility is a disease, which generates disability as an impairment of function.

不孕症：一种疾病，其特征是在正常的、无保护的性交12个月后，或由于个人或与其伴侣的生殖能力受损而未能确诊为临床妊娠。根据病史、性史和生育史、年龄、体格检查和诊断测试，生育干预可在不到一年的时间内启动。不孕症是一种疾病，它会导致功能受损而导致残疾。

Infertility counseling A professional intervention with the intention to mitigate the physical, emotional and psychosocial consequences of infertility.

不孕症咨询：一种旨在减轻不孕症的生理、情感和心理社会后果的专业干预方法。

Initiated medically assisted reproduction cycle (iMAR) A cycle in which the woman receives specific medication for ovarian stimulation or in which cycle monitoring is carried out with the intention to treat, irrespective of whether or not insemination is performed, follicular aspiration is attempted in an ovarian stimulation cycle or whether egg(s) or embryo(s) are thawed or transferred in a frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycle.

启动医学辅助生殖周期(IMAR)：一种周期，在该周期中，妇女接受特定的药物进行卵巢刺激，或者在周期监测中进行治疗，无论是否进行人工授精，在卵巢刺激周期中尝试卵泡抽吸，或者在冷冻胚胎移植(FET)周期中尝试卵子或胚胎解冻或移植。

Inner cell mass A group of cells attached to the polar trophectoderm consisting of embryonic stem cells, which have the potential to develop into cells and tissues in the human body, except the placenta or amniotic membranes.

内细胞团：附着在滋养外胚层一端上的一组细胞，由胚胎干细胞组成，有可能发育成人体内除胎盘或羊膜以外的细胞和组织。

Intended parent(s) A couple or person who seek(s) to reproduce with the assistance of a gestational carrier or traditional gestational carrier.

预期的父母：在妊娠载体（代孕）或传统妊娠载体的帮助下寻求繁殖的夫妇或人。

Intra-cervical insemination A procedure in which laboratory processed sperm are placed in the cervix to attempt a pregnancy.

宫颈内受精：将实验室处理过的精子放入宫颈以尝试受孕的过程。

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) A procedure in which a single spermatozoon is injected into the oocyte cytoplasm.

卵胞浆内单精子注射(ICSI)：一种将单个精子注入卵母细胞细胞质的过程。

Intra-uterine insemination A procedure in which laboratory processed sperm are placed in the uterus to attempt a pregnancy.

宫内受精：将实验室处理过的精子放入子宫以尝试受孕的过程。

Intra-uterine pregnancy A state of reproduction in which an embryo has implanted in the uterus.

宫内妊娠：胚胎植入子宫的生殖状态。

Laparoscopic ovarian drilling A surgical method for inducing ovulation in females with anovulatory or oligo-ovulatory polycystic ovarian syndrome, utilizing either laser or electrosurgery.

腹腔镜卵巢打孔术：利用激光或电外科技术，对患有无排卵性或少排卵性多囊卵巢综合征的女性患者进行排卵的一种手术方法。

Large for gestational age A birth weight greater than the 90th centile of the sex-specific birth weight for a given gestational age reference. When reporting outcomes, the reference criteria should be specified. If gestational age is unknown, then the birth weight should be registered.

大于胎龄儿出生体重：大于给定胎龄参考的性别特异性出生体重的90%。报告结果时，应指定参考标准。如果胎龄未知，则应记录出生体重。

Leukospermia A high number of white blood cells in semen above the upper reference limit. When reporting results,the reference criteria should be specified.

​吃阿莫西林可以喝酒吗(吃阿莫西林可以喝酒吗)​早晨吃了阿莫西林晚上可以喝酒吗一、吃阿莫西林可以喝酒吗服用阿莫西林后是可以喝酒的，但患者需要适量饮酒，最好的情况下是不饮酒，过度饮

白细胞精液症：精液中白细胞数量高于参考上限。在报告结果时，应指定参考标准。

Leydig cell Type of testicular cell located in the interstitial space between the seminiferous tubules, that secretes testosterone.

间质细胞：睾丸细胞的一种类型，位于生精小管之间的间质间隙中，分泌睾酮。

Live birth The complete expulsion or extraction from a woman of a product of fertilization, after 22 completed weeks of gestational age; which, after such separation, breathes or shows any other evidence of life, such as heart beat, umbilical cord pulsation or definite movement of voluntary muscles,irrespective of whether the umbilical cord has been cut or the placenta is attached. A birth weight of 500 grams or more can be used if gestational age is unknown. Live births refer to the individual newborn; for example, a twin delivery represents two live births.

活产：在胎龄22周后，从怀孕的妇女中完全排出或抽出；在这种分离之后，无论脐带是否被切断或胎盘附着，呼吸或显示任何其他生命证据，例如心跳，脐带搏动或随意肌肉的确定运动。如果胎龄未知，可以使用500克或更多的出生体重。活产是指个体新生儿；例如，双胞胎分娩代表两个活产。

Live birth delivery rate The number of deliveries that resulted in at least one live birth, expressed per 100 cycle attempts. In the case of ART/MAR interventions, they can be initiated cycles, insemination, aspiration cycles or embryo transfer cycles. When delivery rates are given, the denominator (initiated, inseminated, aspirated or embryo transfer cycles) must be specified.

活产分娩率：每100个周期尝试分娩至少产生一次活产的分娩次数。在ART/MAR干预的情况下，它们可以启动周期、人工授精、获卵周期或胚胎移植周期。在给定受孕率时，必须指定分母(启动周期、受精周期、获卵周期或胚胎移植周期)。

Low birth weight Birth weight less than 2500 g.

低出生体重儿：出生体重小于2500克。

Luteal phase defect A poorly defined abnormality of the endometrium presumably due to abnormally low progesterone secretion or action on the endometrium.

黄体期缺陷：子宫内膜的一种界限不清的异常，可能是由于孕酮分泌或对子宫内膜的作用异常所致。

Luteal phase support Hormonal supplementation in the luteal phase, usually progesterone.

黄体期支持：黄体期补充激素，通常是黄体酮。

Major congenital anomaly A congenital anomaly that requires surgical repair of a defect, is a visually evident or life-threatening structural or functional defect, or causes death.

重大先天畸形：需要手术修复缺陷的先天畸形，是一种视觉上明显的或危及生命的结构或功能缺陷，或导致死亡。

Male infertility Infertility caused primarily by male factors encompassing: abnormal semen parameters or function; anatomical, endocrine, genetic, functional or immunological abnormalities of the reproductive system; chronic illness; and sexual conditions incompatible with the ability to deposit semen in the vagina.

男性不育：主要由男性因素引起，包括：精液参数或功能异常；生殖系统的解剖、内分泌、遗传、功能或免疫异常；慢性病；以及性条件与阴道内储存精液的能力不相容的状况。

Maternal spindle transfer Transfer of the maternal spindle (including maternal chromosomes) from a patients oocyte into a donated oocyte in which the maternal spindle with chromosomes has been removed.

母体纺锤体转移：将母体纺锤体(包括母体染色体)从患者的卵母细胞转移到捐赠的卵母细胞中，在捐赠卵母细胞中，带有染色体的母体纺锤体已被移除。

Mature oocyte An oocyte at metaphase of meiosis II, exhibiting the first polar body and with the ability to become fertilized.

成熟卵母细胞：处于减数分裂II中期的卵母细胞，具有第一极体和受精的能力。

​熬夜酗酒吸烟伤害肝脏 增强肝功能6个日常小妙招​肝脏在人体中起着去除毒素、蛋白质代谢以及分解等功能，可以说是人体最繁忙的器官。现代人作息不正常、熬夜甚至酗酒吸烟等不良习惯，在无形

Maturing oocyte An oocyte that has progressed from prophase I but has not completed telophase I, thus does not exhibit the first polar body.

还未出现第一极体的成熟中的卵母细胞：从前期I进展到末期I的卵母细胞，因此不会出现第一极体。

Medically assisted reproduction (MAR)

Reproduction brought about through various interventions, procedures, surgeries and technologies to treat different forms of fertility impairment and infertility. These include ovulation induction,ovarian stimulation, ovulation triggering, all ART procedures, uterine transplantation and intra-uterine, intracervical and intravaginal insemination with semen of husband/partner or donor.

医学辅助生殖(MAR)：是通过各种干预措施、程序、手术和技术来治疗不同形式的生育障碍和不孕症而带来的生殖。这些措施包括诱导排卵、刺激卵巢、触发排卵、所有ART、子宫移植和用丈夫/伴侣或捐赠者的精液进行宫内、宫颈和阴道内授精。

Microdissection testicular sperm extraction (MicroTESE)

A surgical procedure using an operating microscope to identify seminiferous tubules that may contain sperm to be extracted for IVF and/or ICSI.

显微分离睾丸精子提取(MicroTESE)：一种外科手术，使用手术显微镜识别可能含有精子的生精小管，以供体外受精和/或ICSI。

Micromanipulation in ART A micro-operative ART procedure performed on sperm, egg or embryo; the most common ART micromanipulation procedures are ICSI, assisted hatching and gamete or embryo biopsy for PGT.

ART中的显微操作：在精子，卵子或胚胎上进行的显微操作ART程序；最常见的ART显微操作程序是ICSI，辅助孵化和PGT的配子或胚胎活检。

Microsurgical epididymal sperm aspiration/extraction (MESA/MESE)

A surgical procedure performed with the assistance of an operating microscope to retrieve sperm from the epididymis of men with obstructive azoospermia. In the absence of optical magnification, any surgical procedure to retrieve sperm from the epididymis should also be registered as MESE.

显微手术附睾精子抽吸术(MESA/MESE)：在手术显微镜的辅助下，从梗阻性无精子症患者的附睾中取出精子的外科手术。在没有光学放大的情况下，任何从附睾取出精子的手术都应该注册为Mese。

Mild ovarian stimulation for IVF A protocol in which the ovaries are stimulated with gonadotropins, and/or other pharmacological compounds, with the intention of limiting the number of oocytes following stimulation for IVF.

温和卵巢刺激用于体外受精：一种方案，用促性腺激素和/或其他药理化合物刺激卵巢，目的是限制刺激后的卵母细胞数量。

Missed spontaneous abortion/missed miscarriage

Spontaneous loss of a clinical pregnancy before 22 completed weeks of gestational age, in which the embryo(s) or fetus(es) is/are nonviable and is/are not spontaneously absorbed or expelled from the uterus.

误诊自然流产/误诊流产：临床妊娠在22周前自然流产，其中胚胎或胎儿不能存活，不能自发吸收或排出子宫。

Modified natural cycle An ART procedure in which one or more oocytes are collected from the ovaries during a spontaneous menstrual cycle. Pharmacological compounds are administered with the sole purpose of blocking the spontaneous LH surge and/or inducing final oocyte maturation.

改良自然周期：在自然月经周期中从卵巢收集一个或多个卵母细胞的程序。使用药物化合物的唯一目的是阻断自发的LH峰和/或诱导最终的卵母细胞成熟。

Monosomy The absence of one of the two homologous chromosomes in embryos. Autosomal monosomies in embryos are not compatible with life. Embryos with sex chromosome monosomies are rarely compatible with life.

单体性染色体：胚胎中两个同源染色体之一的缺失。胚胎中的常染色体单体性与生命不匹配。具有性染色体单体性的胚胎很少与生活匹配。

Morula An embryo formed after completion of compaction, typically 4 days after insemination or ICSI.

桑葚胚：通常在授精或ICSI后4天，压实完成后形成胚胎。

Mosaicism A state in which there is more than one karyotypically distinct cell population arising from a single embryo.

镶嵌性：一种状态，在这种状态下，有一个以上的核型不同的细胞群体却来自单个胚胎。

Multinucleation The presence of more than one nucleus in a cell.

多核现象：一个细胞中存在一个以上的细胞核。

Multiple birth The complete expulsion or extraction from a woman of more than one fetus, after 22 completed weeks of gestational age, irrespective of whether it is a live birth or stillbirth. Births refer to the individual newborn; for example, a twin delivery represents two births.

多胎：一名妇女在怀孕22周后，无论是活产还是死产，完全排出或取出一个以上的胎儿。出生指的是单个新生儿；例如，双胞胎分娩代表两个新生儿。

Multiple gestation A pregnancy with more than one embryo or fetus.

多胎妊娠：有一个以上胚胎或胎儿的妊娠。

Natural cycle ART An ART procedure in which one or more oocytes are collected from the ovaries during a menstrual cycle without the use of any pharmacological compound.

自然周期技术：在月经周期中，不使用任何药理化合物，从卵巢收集一个或多个卵母细胞的一种程序。

Necrozoospermia The description of an ejaculate in which no live spermatozoa can be found.

死精症：精液中找不到活精子的描述。

Neonatal death/mortality Death of a live born baby within 28 days of birth. This can be sub-divided into a) early, if death occurs in the first 7 days after birth; and b) late, if death occurs between 8 and 28 days after birth.

新生儿死亡/死亡率：活产婴儿出生后28天内死亡。这可以细分为a)早，如果死亡发生在出生后的头7天；b)晚，如果死亡发生在出生后8到28天之间。

Neonatal mortality rate Number of neonatal deaths (up to 28 days) per 1000 live births.

新生儿死亡率：每1000名活产新生儿死亡人数(最多28天)。

Neonatal period The period which commences at birth and ends at 28 completed days after birth.

新生儿期：从出生开始，到出生后28天结束。

Non-obstructive azoospermia Absence of spermatozoa in the ejaculate due to lack of production of mature spermatozoa.

非梗阻性无精子症：由于缺乏成熟精子而导致射精液中精子缺失。

Nuclear maturation The process during which the oocyte resumes meiosis and progresses from prophase I to metaphase II.

核成熟：卵母细胞恢复减数分裂，从前期I发展到中期II的过程。

Obstructive azoospermia Absence of spermatozoa in the ejaculate due to occlusion of the ductal system.

梗阻性无精子症：由于导管系统阻塞导致射精液中精子缺失。

Oligospermia A term for low semen volume now replaced by hypospermia to avoid confusion with oligozoospermia.

少精子症：现在被 [医]精子减少症取代，指的是低精液量，以避免与精子减少混淆。

Oligozoospermia Low concentration of spermatozoa in the ejaculate below the lower reference limit. When reporting results, the reference criteria should be specified.

少精子症：精液中精子浓度低于参考下限。在报告结果时，应指定参考标准。

Oocyte The female gamete (egg).

卵母细胞：雌配子(卵)。

Oocyte aspiration Ovarian follicular aspiration performed with the aim of retrieving oocytes.

卵母细胞抽吸：卵巢卵泡抽吸术的目的是取出卵母细胞。

Oocyte bank Repository of cryopreserved oocytes stored for future use.

卵母细胞库：冷冻保存的卵母细胞的储存库，以备将来使用。

Oocyte donation The use of oocytes from an egg donor for reproductive purposes or research.

卵母细胞捐献：将卵子捐献者的卵母细胞用于生殖或研究。

Oocyte donation cycle An ART cycle in which oocytes are collected from an egg donor for reproductive purposes or research.

卵子捐献周期：从卵子捐献者那里收集卵母细胞用于生殖或研究的ART周期。

Oocyte cryopreservation The freezing or vitrification of oocytes for future use.

卵母细胞冷冻保存：将卵母细胞冷冻或玻璃化，以备将来使用。

Oocyte maturation triggering An intervention intended to induce an oocytein vitroorin vivoto resume meiosis to reach maturity (i.e.to reach metaphase II).

卵母细胞成熟：触发旨在诱导卵母细胞体外成熟的干预，使其恢复减数分裂以达到成熟(即达到中期II)。

Oocyte recipient cycle An ART cycle in which a woman receives oocytes from a donor, or her partner if in a same sex relationship, to be used for reproductive purposes.

卵母细胞接受周期：女性从捐赠者或其伴侣(如果是同性伴侣)那里接收卵母细胞，用于生殖目的的一种ART周期。

Oolemma The cytoplasmic membrane enclosing the oocyte.

卵母细胞膜：包裹卵母细胞的细胞膜。

Ooplasm The cytoplasm of the oocyte.

卵质：卵母细胞的细胞质。

Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS)

An exaggerated systemic response to ovarian stimulation characterized by a wide spectrum of clinical and laboratory manifestations. It may be classified as mild, moderate or severe according to the degree of abdominal distention, ovarian enlargement and respiratory, hemodynamic and metabolic complications.

卵巢过度刺激综合征(OHSS)：对卵巢刺激的一种夸张的全身反应，其特点是临床和实验室表现广泛。根据腹胀、卵巢肿大及呼吸、血流动力学和代谢并发症的程度可分为轻、中、重度。

Ovarian reserve A term generally used to indicate the number and/or quality of oocytes, reflecting the ability to reproduce. Ovarian reserve can be assessed by any of several means. They include: female age;number of antral follicles on ultrasound; anti-Mullerian hormone levels; follicle stimulating hormone and estradiol levels; clomiphene citrate challenge test; response to gonadotropin stimulation, and oocyte and/or embryo assessment during an ART procedure, based on number,morphology or genetic assessment of the oocytes and/or embryos.

卵巢储备：通常用来表示卵母细胞的数量和/或质量，反映繁殖能力的术语。卵巢储备可以用几种方法中的任何一种来评估。这些指标包括：女性年龄；超声检查的有腔卵泡数；抗苗勒氏激素水平；卵泡刺激素和雌二醇水平；克罗米芬柠檬酸盐激发试验；对促性腺激素刺激的反应；以及基于卵母细胞和/或胚胎的数量、形态或遗传评估，在ART过程中对卵母细胞和/或胚胎的评估。

Ovarian stimulation (OS) Pharmacological treatment with the intention of inducing the development of ovarian follicles. It can be used for two purposes: 1) for timed intercourse or insemination; 2) in ART, to obtain multiple oocytes at follicular aspiration.

卵巢刺激(OS)：旨在诱导卵泡发育的药物治疗。它可用于两个目的：1)定时交配或授精；2)在ART中，在卵泡抽吸时获得多个卵母细胞。

Ovarian tissue cryopreservation The process of slow-freezing or vitrification of tissue surgically excised from the ovary with the intention of preserving reproductive capacity.

卵巢组织冷冻保存：对手术切除的卵巢组织进行缓慢冷冻或玻璃化冷冻的过程，目的是为了保持生殖能力。

Ovarian torsion Partial or complete rotation of the ovarian vascular pedicle that causes obstruction to ovarian blood flow, potentially leading to necrosis of ovarian tissue.

卵巢扭转：卵巢血管蒂的部分或全部旋转，导致卵巢血流受阻，可能导致卵巢组织坏死。

Ovulation The natural process of expulsion of a mature egg from its ovarian follicle.

排卵：成熟卵子从卵泡中排出的自然过程。

Ovulation induction (OI) Pharmacological treatment of women with anovulation or oligo-ovulation with the intention of inducing normal ovulatory cycles.

诱导排卵(OI)：药物治疗无排卵或少排卵的妇女，旨在诱导正常排卵周期。

Parthenogenetic activation The process by which an oocyte is activated to undergo development in the absence of fertilization.

孤雌激活：卵母细胞在没有受精的情况下被激活发育的过程

Parthenote The product of an oocyte that has undergone activation in the absence of the paternal genome, with (induced) or without (spontaneous) a purposeful intervention.

无精生殖生物：在没有父系基因组的情况下，经过(诱导)或没有(自发)有目的干预的卵母细胞激活的产物。

Percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration (PESA)

A surgical procedure in which a needle is introduced percutaneously into the epididymis with the intention of obtaining sperm.

经皮附睾精子抽吸术(PESA)：是一种将针头经皮插入附睾以获取精子的外科手术。

Perinatal death/mortality Fetal or neonatal death occurring during late pregnancy (at 22 completed weeks of gestational age and later), during childbirth, or up to seven completed days after birth.

围产期死亡/死亡率：胎儿或新生儿死亡发生在妊娠晚期(妊娠22周及以后)、分娩期间或出生后最多7天

Perinatal mortality rate The number of perinatal deaths per 1000 total births (stillbirths plus live births).

围产期死亡率：每1000名新生儿中的围产儿死亡人数(死产加活产)。

Period total fertility rate (PTFR) The estimated average number of live born children per woman that would be born to a cohort of women throughout their reproductive years, if the fertility rates by age in a given period remained constant at the current age-specific fertility rate.

期间总生育率(PTFR)：如果某一特定时期内按年龄划分的生育率保持在当前特定年龄的生育率不变，估计一群妇女在整个生育年度内每名妇女将生育的平均活产子女数。

Perivitelline space The space between the cytoplasmic membrane enclosing the oocyte and the innermost layer of the zona pellucida. (This space may contain the first and second polar bodies and extracellular fragments.)

卵周隙：包围卵母细胞的细胞膜和透明带最内层之间的间隙。(这个空间可能包含第一和第二极体和细胞外碎片。)

Pituitary down-regulation A medical or pharmacological method to prevent the release of gonadotropins (FSH, LH) from the pituitary gland.

垂体下调调节：防止促性腺激素(促卵泡刺激素、促黄体生成素)从脑垂体释放的一种医学或药理学方法。

Polar bodies The small bodies containing chromosomes segregated from the oocyte by asymmetric division during telophase. The first polar body is extruded at telophase I and normally contains only chromosomes with duplicated chromatids (2c); the second polar body is extruded in response to fertilization or in response to parthenogenetic activation and normally contains chromosomes comprising single chromatids (1c).

极体：含有染色体的小体在末期通过不对称分裂与卵母细胞分离。第一极体在末期I挤出，通常仅包含具有重复染色单体的染色体（2c）；第二极体响应受精或响应孤雌激活而被挤出，并且通常包含包含单个染色单体的染色体（1c）。

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) A heterogeneous condition, which requires the presence of two of the following three criteria: (1) Oligo-ovulation or anovulation; (2) Hyperandrogenism (clinical evidence of hirsutism, acne, alopecia and/or biochemical hyperandrogenemia); (3) Polycystic ovaries, as assessed by ultrasound scan with more than 24 total antral follicles (2–9 mm in size) in both ovaries.

多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)：一种异质性的情况，要求存在以下三个标准中的两个：(1)少排卵或无排卵；(2)高雄激素血症(临床证据为多毛症、痤疮、脱发和/或生化高雄激素血症)；(3)多囊卵巢，超声扫描双侧卵巢有24个以上的有腔卵泡(2-9毫米)。

Polycystic ovary (PCO) An ovary with at least 12 follicles measuring 2–9 mm in diameter in at least one ovary (Rotterdam criteria). PCO may be present in women with PCOS, but also in women with normal ovulatory function and normal fertility.

多囊卵巢(PCO)：在至少一个卵巢中至少有12个卵泡，直径为2-9毫米的卵巢(鹿特丹标准)。PCO可能存在于多囊卵巢综合征妇女中，但也可能存在于排卵功能正常和生育能力正常的妇女中。

Polyploidy The condition in which a cell has more than two haploid sets of chromosomes: e.g. a triploid embryo has three sets of chromosomes and a tetraploid embryo has four sets. Polyploidy in a human embryo is not compatible with life.

多倍体：一个细胞有两组以上单倍体染色体的情况：例如，一个三倍体胚胎有三组染色体，一个四倍体胚胎有四组染色体。人类胚胎中的多倍体与生命是不匹配的。

Polyspermy The process by which an oocyte is penetrated by more than one spermatozoon.

多精入卵，多精受精：一个卵母细胞被多个精子穿透的过程。

Poor ovarian responder (POR) in assisted reproductive technology

A woman treated with ovarian stimulation for ART, in which at least two of the following features are present: (1) Advanced maternal age (≥40 years); (2) A previous poor ovarian response (≤3 oocytes with a conventional stimulation protocol aimed at obtaining more than three oocytes);and, (3) An abnormal ovarian reserve test (i.e. antral follicle count 5–7 follicles or anti-Mullerian hormone 0.5–1.1 ng/ml (Bologna criteria); or other reference values obtained from a standardized reference population.)

辅助生殖技术中卵巢反应性差(POR)：（1）高龄产妇（≥40岁）；（2） 先前的卵巢反应差（具有旨在获得三个以上卵母细胞的常规刺激方案的≤3卵母细胞）；（3）卵巢储备测试异常（即窦卵泡计数5-7个卵泡或抗苗勒氏激素0.5-1.1 ng/ml（博洛尼亚标准）；或从标准参考人群获得的其他参考值。）

Poor ovarian response (POR) to ovarian stimulation A condition in which fewer than four follicles and/or oocytes are developed/obtained following ovarian stimulation with the intention of obtaining more follicles and oocytes.

卵巢刺激反应差(POR)：卵巢刺激后发育/获得的卵泡和/或卵母细胞少于四个的状态，目的是获得更多的卵泡和卵母细胞。

Post-implantation embryo An embryo at a stage of development beyond attachment to the endometrium to eight completed weeks after fertilization, which is equivalent to 10 weeks of gestational age.

植入后胚胎：在受精后8周内，处于超出子宫内膜附着的发育阶段的胚胎，相当于10周的孕周。

Post-term birth A live birth or stillbirth that takes place after 42 completed weeks of gestational age.

超期分娩：胎龄42周后出生的活产或死产。

Posthumous reproduction A process utilizing gametes and/or embryos from a deceased person or persons with the intention of producing offspring.

遗体繁殖：利用一个或多个死者的配子和/或胚胎来生育后代的过程。

Pregnancy A state of reproduction beginning with implantation of an embryo in a woman and ending with the complete expulsion and/or extraction of all products of implantation.

妊娠：一种生殖状态，始于女性植入胚胎，结束于完全排出和/或取出所有植入的产品。

Pregnancy loss The outcome of any pregnancy that does not result in at least one live birth. When reporting pregnancy loss, the estimated gestational age at the end of pregnancy should be recorded.

妊娠损失：任何怀孕的结果，如果至少没有一次活产的话。当报告妊娠丢失时，应记录妊娠末期的估计孕周。

Pregnancy of unknown location (PUL) A pregnancy documented by a positive human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) test without visualization of pregnancy by ultrasound. This condition exists only after circulating hCG concentration is compatible with ultrasound visualization of a gestational sac.

不明位置妊娠(PUL)：在超声检查未发现妊娠的情况下，人类绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)试验呈阳性的妊娠。这种情况只有在血液循环中hCG浓度与妊娠囊超声显影兼容后才会出现。

Pre-implantation embryo An embryo at a stage of development beginning with division of the zygote into two cells and ending just prior to implantation into a uterus.

植入前胚胎：胚胎处于发育阶段的胚胎，从受精卵分裂成两个细胞开始，在植入子宫之前结束。

Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT)

A test performed to analyze the DNA from oocytes (polar bodies) or embryos (cleavage stage or blastocyst) for HLA-typing or for determining genetic abnormalities. These include: PGT for aneuploidies (PGT-A); PGT for monogenic/single gene defects (PGT-M); and PGT for chromosomalstructural r earrangements (PGT-SR).

植入前基因检测(PGT)：对卵母细胞(极体)或胚胎(卵裂期或囊胚)的DNA进行分析以确定人类白细胞抗原(HLA)分型或确定遗传异常的测试。其中包括：针对非整倍体的PGT(PGT-A)；针对单基因/单基因缺陷的PGT(PGT-M)；以及针对染色体结构重排(PGT-SR)的PGT。

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) and screening (PGS)

These terms have now been replaced by preimplantation genetic testing PGT. (See term PGT and its definitions.)

植入前遗传学诊断(PGD)和筛查(PGS)：这些术语现在已经被植入前基因测试PGT所取代。(请参阅术语PGT及其定义。)

Premature ejaculation A condition in which semen is released sooner than desired.

早泄：精液比预想的更早释放的情况。

Premature ovarian insufficiency A condition characterized by hypergonadotropic hypogonadism in women younger than age 40 years (also known as premature or primary ovarian failure). It includes women with premature menopause.

卵巢早衰：年龄在40岁以下的女性性腺功能亢进、性腺功能减退(也称为早产或原发性卵巢功能衰竭)。这其中包括过早绝经的女性。

Preterm birth A birth that takes place after 22 weeks and before 37 completed weeks of gestational age.

早产：是在22周后和37周完成胎龄之前发生的分娩。

Primary childlessness A condition in which a person has never delivered a live child, or has never been a legal or societally-recognized parent to a child.

原发性无子女：一种情况，即一个人从未生过活着的孩子，或从未成为孩子的合法或社会认可的父母。

Primary female infertility A woman who has never been diagnosed with a clinical pregnancy and meets the criteria of being classified as having infertility.

原发性女性不孕症：一名从未被诊断患有临床妊娠并符合被归类为不孕症标准的女性。

Primary involuntary childlessness A condition in a person with a child wish, who has never delivered a live child, or has never been a legal or societally-recognized parent to a child. A major cause of primary involuntary childlessness is infertility.

原发性非自愿无子女：有儿童愿望的人的一种情况，他从未生过活着的孩子，或从未成为孩子的合法或社会认可的父母。原发性非自愿无子女的一个主要原因是不孕不育。

Primary male infertility A man who has never initiated a clinical pregnancy and meets the criteria of being classified as infertile.

原发性男性不育症：一名从未开始临床妊娠并符合被归类为不孕标准的男性。

Pronuclei transfer Transfer of the pronuclei from a patients zygote to an enucleated donated zygote.

原核转移：将原核从患者的受精卵转移到去核的捐献受精卵。

Pronucleus A round structure in the oocyte surrounded by a membrane containing chromatin. Normally, two pronuclei are seen after fertilization, each containing a haploid set of chromosomes, one set from the oocyte and one from the sperm, before zygote formation.

原核：卵母细胞中的一种圆形结构，周围有一层含有染色质的膜。通常，受精后会看到两个原核，每个原核都含有一组单倍体染色体，一个来自卵母细胞，另一个来自精子，然后才形成合子。

Recipient (ART) A person or couple who receives donated eggs, sperm or embryos for the purposes of initiating a pregnancy with the intention of becoming a legally recognized parent.

接受者(ART)：为了开始怀孕而接受捐赠的卵子、精子或胚胎的人或夫妇，目的是成为法律上承认的父母。

Recipient ART cycle An ART cycle in which a woman receives zygote(s) or embryo(s) from donor(s) or a partner.

受者受精周期：女性从捐赠者或伴侣那里接受受精卵或胚胎的受精周期。

Recurrent spontaneous abortion/miscarriage

The spontaneous loss of two or more clinical pregnancies prior to 22 completed weeks of gestational age.

反复自然流产：在妊娠22周前自然流产两次或两次以上的临床妊娠。

Reproductive surgery Surgical procedures performed to diagnose, conserve, correct and/or improve reproductive function in either men or women. Surgery for contraceptive purposes, such as tubal ligation and vasectomy,are also included within this term.

生殖外科：为诊断、保存、纠正和/或改善男性或女性生殖功能而进行的外科手术。用于避孕目的的手术，如输卵管结扎术和输精管结扎术，也包括在这一术语中。

Retrograde ejaculation A condition that causes the semen to be forced backward from the ejaculatory ducts into the bladder during ejaculation.

逆行射精：在射精过程中导致精液从射精管向后排入膀胱的一种情况。

Salpingectomy The surgical removal of an entire Fallopian tube.

输卵管切除术：手术切除整个输卵管。

Salpingitis isthmica nodosa (SIN) A nodular thickening of the proximal Fallopian tube (where the tubes join the uterus), which can distort or occlude the tubes and increase the risk of ectopic pregnancy and infertility.

结节性输卵管炎(SIN)：输卵管近端(输卵管与子宫的连接处)结节状增厚，可扭曲或阻塞输卵管，增加异位妊娠和不孕的风险。

Salpingostomy A surgical procedure in which an opening is made in the Fallopian tube either to remove an ectopic pregnancy or open a blocked fluid-filled tube (hydrosalpinx).

输卵管造口术：在输卵管中开口以去除异位妊娠或打开阻塞的充满液体的管（输卵管积水）的外科手术

Secondary female infertility A woman unable to establish a clinical pregnancy but who has previously been diagnosed with a clinical pregnancy.

继发性女性不孕症：不能确诊为临床妊娠，但以前曾被诊断为临床妊娠的妇女。

Secondary involuntary childlessness A condition in a person with a child wish, who has previously delivered a live child, or is or has been a legal or societally-recognized parent to a child. A major cause of secondary involuntary childlessness is infertility.

继发性非自愿无子女：有孩子愿望的人的一种情况，他以前生过活着的孩子，或者是或曾经是孩子的合法或社会认可的父母。继发性非自愿无子女的一个主要原因是不孕不育。

Secondary male infertility A man who is unable to initiate a clinical pregnancy, but who had previously initiated a clinical pregnancy.

继发性男性不育症：不能进行临床妊娠，但以前曾有过临床妊娠的男性。

Semen analysis A description of the ejaculate to assess function of the male reproductive tract. Characteristic parameters include volume, pH, concentration, motility, vitality, morphology of spermatozoa and presence of other cells.

精液分析：对射精情况的描述，用以评估男性生殖道的功能。特征参数包括精子的体积、pH、浓度、活力、活力、形态和其他细胞的存在。

Semen liquefaction The process whereby proteolytic enzymes degrade proteins causing seminal plasma to liquefy.

精液液化：蛋白水解酶降解蛋白质，导致精浆液化的过程。

Semen viscosity The description of the relative fluidity of seminal plasma.

精液粘度：精浆相对流动性的描述。

Semen volume The amount of fluid in an ejaculate.

精液量：射精液中的液体量

Semen/Ejaculate The fluid at ejaculation that contains the cells and secretions originating from the testes and sex accessory glands.

精液/射精：射精时产生的液体，含有源自睾丸和性附腺的细胞和分泌物。

Seminal plasma The fluids of the ejaculate.

精浆：精液中的液体。

Sertoli cell The non-germinal cell type in the seminiferous tubule that mediates the actions of testosterone and FSH in the testis, provides nutrients and proteins to the developing spermatogenic cells, creates the blood-testis barrier, and secretes Mullerian-inhibiting hormone.

支持细胞(Sertoli Cell)：生精小管中的一种非生发细胞类型，介导睾丸中睾酮和卵泡刺激素(FSH)的活动，为发育中的生精细胞提供营养和蛋白质，建立血-睾丸屏障，并分泌苗勒氏抑制激素。

Sertoli cell-only syndrome A condition in which only Sertoli cells line the seminiferous tubules with usually a complete absence of germ cells; also referred to as germ cell aplasia. Spermatogenesis in isolated foci can be observed in rare cases.

仅支持细胞综合征：只有支持细胞排列在生精小管上，通常完全没有生殖细胞；也称为生殖细胞发育不全。个别病例可观察到孤立病灶的生精现象。

Severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS)

A systemic response as a result of ovarian stimulation interventions that is characterized by severe abdominal discomfort and/or other symptoms of ascites, hemoconcentration (Hct > 45) and/or other serious biochemical abnormalities requiring hospitalization for observation and/or formedical intervention (paracentesis, other).

严重卵巢过度刺激综合征(OHSS)：卵巢刺激治疗引起的全身性反应，表现为严重的腹部不适和/或其他腹水症状，血液浓缩(HCT>45)和/或其他需要住院观察和/或医疗干预(穿刺术等)的严重生化异常。

Single embryo transfer (SET) The transfer of one embryo in an ART procedure. Defined as elective (eSET) when more than one embryo of sufficient quality for transfer is available.

单胚胎移植(SET)：在ART程序中移植一个胚胎。定义为选择性胚胎移植(ESET)，当有多个足够质量的胚胎可供移植时。

Slow-freezing A cryopreservation procedure in which the temperature of the cell(s) is lowered in a step-wise fashion,typically using a computer controlled rate, from physiological (or room) temperature to extreme low temperature.

缓慢冷冻：一种冷冻保存过程，通常使用计算机控制的速率，以逐步的方式将细胞的温度从生理(或室内)温度降低到极低温度。

Small for gestational age A birth weight less than the 10th centile for gestational age. When reporting results the reference criteria should be specified. If gestational age is unknown, the birth weight should be registered.

小于胎龄的新生儿：体重小于胎龄10厘米的新生儿体重。在报告结果时，应指定参考标准。如果胎龄不明，应登记出生体重。

Sperm bank Repository of cryopreserved sperm stored for future use.

精子库：冷冻保存的精子的储存库，以备将来使用。

Sperm concentration The (measure of the) number of spermatozoa in millions per 1 ml of semen.

精子浓度：每1毫升精液中的精子数(以百万为单位)。

Sperm density A measure of the mass/volume ratio (specific gravity) for spermatozoa.

精子密度：精子质量/体积比（比重）的测量方法。

Sperm isolation A procedure that involves the separation of sperm through centrifugation and resuspension in culture media. It can be used to remove seminal plasma and infectious agents before IUI and ART procedures. This procedure has been shown to be effective in the removal of HIV. It may also be effective in removing other infectious particles but clinical safety and efficacy have to be established for each particular infection. This term is sometimes referred to as ‘sperm washing’.

精子分离：通过离心分离精子并将其重新悬浮在培养基中的过程。它可用于在IUI和ART手术前清除精浆和感染性病原体。这一程序已被证明在清除艾滋病病毒方面是有效的。它在清除其他感染颗粒方面也可能有效，但必须为每种特定的感染建立临床安全性和有效性。这个术语有时被称为精子洗涤。

Sperm motility The percentage of moving spermatozoa relative to the total number of spermatozoa.

精子活动率：运动的精子占精子总数的百分比。

Sperm recipient cycle A MAR cycle in which a woman receives spermatozoa from a person who is not her sexually intimate partner. In the case of ART registry data, a sperm recipient cycle would only include data from cycles using ART procedures.

精子接受周期：女性从一个不是她的性亲密伴侣的人那里接收精子的MAR周期。在ART登记数据的情况下，精子接受周期将只包括使用ART程序的周期的数据。

Sperm vitality The percentage of live spermatozoa relative to the total number of spermatozoa.

精子活力：活精子占精子总数的百分比。

Spermatogenic arrest Failure of germ cells to progress through specific stages of spermatogenesis at onset or during meiosis.

生精停滞：生殖细胞在开始或减数分裂期间未能通过精子发生的特定阶段取得进展。

Spermatozoon The mature male reproductive cell produced in the testis that has the capacity to fertilize an oocyte. A head carries genetic material, a midpiece produces energy for movement, and a long, thin tail propels the sperm.

精子：在睾丸中产生的成熟的雄性生殖细胞，具有使卵母细胞受精的能力。头部携带遗传物质，中段产生运动能量，细长的尾巴推动精子。

Spontaneous abortion/miscarriage The spontaneous loss of an intra-uterine pregnancy prior to 22 completed weeks of gestational age.

自然流产/流产：妊娠22周前自然流产的宫内妊娠。

Spontaneous reduction/vanishing sac(s)

The spontaneous disappearance of one or more gestational sacs with or without an embryo or fetus in a multiple pregnancy documented by ultrasound.

自发性减少/消失囊：超声记录的多胎妊娠中一个或多个妊娠囊的自发消失，不论是否有胚胎或胎儿。

Sterility A permanent state of infertility.

不孕不育：是一种永久的不孕不育状态。

Stillbirth The death of a fetus prior to the complete expulsion or extraction from its mother after 28 completed weeks of gestational age. The death is determined by the fact that, after such separation, the fetus does not breathe or show any other evidence of life, such as heartbeat, umbilical cord pulsation, or definite movement of voluntary muscles. Note: It includes deaths occurring during labor.

死产：胎龄满28周后，胎儿从母体完全排出或取出之前死亡的现象。死亡是由这样一个事实决定的，即在这种分离之后，胎儿没有呼吸或显示出任何其他生命迹象，如心跳、脐带搏动或随意肌肉的明确运动。注：这包括在分娩过程中发生的死亡。

Stillbirth rate The number of stillbirths per 1000 total births (stillbirths plus live births).

死胎率：每1000名新生儿中的死产人数(死产加活产)。

Subfertility A term that should be used interchangeably with infertility.

不孕不育应与in开头不孕不育单词互换使用的术语。

Syngamy The process during which the female and male pronuclei fuse.

配子配合，两性生殖：雌雄原核融合的过程

Teratozoospermia A reduced percentage of morphologically normal sperm in the ejaculate below the lower reference limits. When reporting results, the reference criteria should be specified.

畸精症：精液中形态正常的精子所占比例低于参考下限。在报告结果时，应指定参考标准。

Testicular sperm aspiration/extraction (TESA/TESE)

A surgical procedure involving one or more testicular biopsies or needle aspirations to obtain sperm for use in IVF and/or ICSI.

睾丸精子抽吸/提取(TESA/TESE)：一种外科手术，包括一次或多次睾丸活检或穿刺，以获得用于体外受精和(或)ICSI的精子。

Thawing The process of raising the temperature of slow-frozen cell(s) from the storage temperature to room/physiological temperature.

解冻融化：将慢速冷冻细胞的温度从储存温度提高到室温/生理温度的过程。

Time to pregnancy (TTP) The time taken to establish a pregnancy, measured in months or in numbers of menstrual cycles.

怀孕时间(TTP)：确定怀孕所需的时间，以月数或月经周期数衡量。

Time-lapse imaging The photographic recording of microscope image sequences at regular intervals in ART, referring to gametes, zygotes, cleavage-stage embryos or blastocysts.

延时成像技术：以固定间隔，对配子、受精卵、卵裂期胚胎或囊胚定期显微镜图像序列的摄影记录。

Total delivery rate with at least one live birth

The total number of deliveries with at least one live birth resulting from one initiated or aspirated ART cycle, including all cycles in which fresh and/or frozen embryos are transferred, including more than one delivery from one initiated or aspirated cycle if that occurs, until all embryos are used. Notes:The delivery of a singleton, twin or other multiple pregnancy is registered as one delivery. In the absence of complete data, the total delivery rate is often estimated.

至少有一次活产的总分娩率：一个启动或获卵ART周期产生的至少一个活产的分娩总数，包括移植新鲜和/或冷冻胚胎的所有周期，如果发生这种情况，则包括一个启动或抽吸周期的多个分娩，直到所有胚胎都被使用为止。注：单胎、双胞胎或其他多胎妊娠的分娩登记为一次分娩。在没有完整数据的情况下，总分娩率通常是估计的。

Total fertility rate (TFR) The average number of live births per woman. It may be determined in retrospect, observed data(Cohort Total Fertility Rate, CTFR) or as an estimated average number (Period Total Fertility Rate,PTFR).

总生育率(TFR)：每名妇女的平均活产数。它可以通过回顾、观察数据(队列总生育率，CTFR)或估计平均值(周期总生育率，PTFR)来确定。

Total sperm count The calculated total number of sperm in the ejaculate (semen volume multiplied by the sperm concentration determined from an aliquot of semen).

精子总数：计算出的射精液中的精子总数(精液体积乘以根据一等分精液测定的精子浓度)。

Traditional gestational carrier A woman who donates her oocytes and is the gestational carrier for a pregnancy resulting from fertilization of her oocytes either through an ART procedure or insemination. This replaces the term‘traditional surrogate.’

传统的妊娠携带者：捐献卵母细胞的妇女，是通过ART或人工授精使其卵母细胞受精而怀孕的妇女。这取代了传统代孕一词。

Trisomy An abnormal number of chromosome copies in a cell characterized by the presence of three homologous chromosomes rather than the normal two. The majority of human embryos with trisomies are incompatible with life.

三体：细胞中异常数目的染色体拷贝，其特征是存在三条同源染色体，而不是正常的两条。大多数具有三体的人类胚胎与生命是不匹配的。

Trophectoderm Cells forming the outer layer of a blastocyst that have the potential to develop into the placenta and amniotic membranes.

滋养外胚层：形成胚泡外层的，有可能发育成胎盘和羊膜。

Tubal pathology Tubal abnormality resulting in dysfunction of the Fallopian tube, including partial or total obstruction of one or both tubes (proximally, distally or combined), hydrosalpinx and/or peri-tubal and/or peri-ovarian adhesions affecting the normal ovum pick-up function. It usually occurs after pelvic inflammatory disease or pelvic surgery.

输卵管病理学：输卵管异常导致输卵管功能障碍，包括一条或两条输卵管(近端、远端或联合)部分或全部阻塞，输卵管积水和/或输卵管周围和/或卵巢周围粘连，影响正常取卵功能。它通常发生在盆腔炎或骨盆手术之后。

Unexplained infertility Infertility in couples with apparently normal ovarian function, Fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix and pelvis and with adequate coital frequency; and apparently normal testicular function, genito-urinary anatomy and a normal ejaculate. The potential for this diagnosis is dependent upon the methodologies used and/or those methodologies available.

原因不明性不孕：卵巢功能明显正常，输卵管，子宫，子宫颈和骨盆以及足够的性交频率的夫妇不孕；显然睾丸功能正常，生殖泌尿解剖结构正常，射精正常。这种诊断的潜力取决于所使用的方法和/或可用的方法。

Unisomy The condition in a cell resulting from loss of a single chromosome yielding a single copy of that particular chromosome rather than the normal two. The majority of unisomies in human embryos are incompatible with life.

异构体：由于单个染色体的丢失而导致的细胞状态，产生该特定染色体的一个拷贝，而不是正常的两个拷贝。人类胚胎中的大多数同源异构体与生命是不匹配的。

Vaginal insemination A procedure whereby semen, collected from a non-lubricated condom or similar method, is deposited into the vaginal cavity of a female. An intervention that can be self-administered by a woman attempting pregnancy.

阴道受精：将从无润滑避孕套或类似方法收集的精液注入女性阴道腔的过程。一种可以由试图怀孕的妇女自行实施的干预措施。

Varicocele A venous enlargement in the testicular pampiniform plexus.

精索静脉曲张：睾丸盘状神经丛中的静脉扩张。

Varicocelectomy Procedure to occlude or remove part of the internal spermatic vein in situations in which it has expanded into a varicocele.

精索静脉曲张切除术：在精索内静脉扩张为精索静脉曲张的情况下闭塞或移除部分精索内静脉的手术。

Vasectomy Procedure to occlude the vas deferens. It is usually carried out bilaterally in order to secure sterilization.

输精管结扎术：封闭输精管的手术。它通常是双边进行的，以确保绝育。

Very low birth weight Birth weight less than 1500 g.

极低出生体重：出生体重小于1500克。

Viscosity The description of the relative fluidity of the semen.

粘度：描述精液的相对流动性。

Vitrification An ultra-rapid cryopreservation procedure that prevents ice formation within a cell whose aqueous phase is converted to a glass-like solid.

玻璃化：一种超快速冷冻保存程序，可防止水相转化为玻璃状固体的细胞内结冰。

Voluntary childlessness A condition describing a person who does not have or has not had a child wish and does not have any biologically, legally or societally-recognized children.

自愿无子女：一种情况，描述一个人没有或没有孩子愿望，也没有任何在生物学、法律或社会上被认可的孩子。

Warming (cells) The process of raising the temperature of a vitrified cell or cells from the storage temperature to room/physiological temperature.

复苏：将一个或多个玻璃化细胞的温度从储存温度提高到室温/生理温度的过程。

Y-chromosome microdeletions Missing segments of the genetic material on the Y-chromosome that are associated with abnormal spermatogenesis.

Y染色体微缺失：Y染色体上与精子发生异常相关的遗传物质缺失片段。

Zona pellucida The glycoprotein coat surrounding the oocyte.

透明带：包围卵母细胞的糖蛋白外壳。

Zygote A single cell resulting from fertilization of a mature oocyte by a spermatozoon and before completion of the first mitotic division.

受精卵：在第一次有丝分裂完成之前，由精子使成熟卵母细胞受精而产生的单个细胞。

Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT) An ART procedure in which one or more zygotes is transferred into the Fallopian tube.

受精卵输卵管内移植(ZIFT)：是一种将一个或多个受精卵移植到输卵管的ART过程。